Palmer, Pauline Lennards[1]

BORN: 1865 McHenry County, IL[2]

DIED: August 15, 1938 Trondheim, Norway [3]

MARRIED: May 21, 1891 Dr. Albert Elwood Palmer of Chicago[deceased 1920]

TRAINING

Graduated, St. Mary’s Institute (convent), Milwaukee[4]

1893, 1894, 1895-1897, 1898 Art Institute of Chicago

1895 Art Institute of Chicago, Saturdays

1897 Delavan, Wisconsinwith Vanderpoel[5]

1897 Art Institute of Chicago, William Merritt Chase

1898 Art Institute of Chicago, Frank Duveneck

c.1900 Académie Colarossi, Gustave Courtois

c.1900 Académie de la Grande Chaumière, Lucien Simone

c.1900 Ecole des Beaux-arts, René Prinet

c.1900 Paris, Raphael Collin

c.1900 Italy

1902 Art Institute of Chicago, Gari Melchers[6]

1903 Pariswith Charles Cottet[7]

1915 Provincetown, Massachusetts with Charles W. Hawthorne[8]

1917 Art Institute of Chicago, Charles W. Hawthorne

ART RELATED EMPLOYMENT

c.1888-1891 Superintendent of drawing, Lakeview public schools, later assistant superintendent of art, Chicago Public Schoolsystem[9]

1919 Lectured on “Art for Us and Our Children,” Iowa Federation of Women’s Clubs[10]

1922 Lectured, South Bend, IndianaArt Festival[11]

1923 Lectured to Terre Haute Chamber of Commerce in conjunction with Terre Haute Art Association[12]

1925 Organized second Woman’s World’s Fair[13]

1926 Town & Country Magazine, cover illustration[14]

1930 Portrait commission, Oak Park High School[15]

Late 1930s lectured at the Quincy, Illinois Art Club

Painting demonstrations at Illinois State Fairs

Portrait commissions[16]

TEACHING

1896-1897 Art Institute of Chicago, Saturday NormalClasses[17]

1925 Privately, Tree Studios, Chicago[18]

RESIDENCES

1867-c.1875 McHenry

c.1875-c.1880 Harvard, Illinois

c.1880-c.1885 Milwaukee, Wisconsin

c.1885-1938 Chicago

TRAVEL

1896 Delavan, WI

1899 Paris, Auvers, France; Dorster, Germany[19]

1900 Paris[20] and Europe[21]

1902 Montreal; London; Spain; Germany[22]

1903 Paris,[23] Italy[24]

1904 Italy; Austrian Tyrol[25]

1905-1910 Paris, Brittany[26], Pont Aven, France; Germany

1906 Brittany and England (summer)[27]

1907 West Baden, IN (summer)[28]

1910 Giverny to work with Richard Miller[29]

1910 Venice[30]

1911 Portofinoand Verona, Italy[31]

1912 Austria

1912 Signac, near Caldwell, NJ[32]

1913 Europe[33]

1915 Michigan[34]

1915[35]-on Provincetown, MA(summer home)[36]

1919 Smoky Mountains, NC[37]

1920 Des Moines, IA[38]

1921 Taos, New Mexico; Scottsdale, Arizona; California[39]

1921 Provincetown, MA[40]

1927 Santa Fe; Taos; Grand Canyon; San Diego; Pasadena; Santa Barbara; Los Angeles; Laguna Beach; Carmel; San Francisco; Berkeley; Yosemite[41]

1938 Edinburgh, Scotland; North Cape of Norway

MEMBERSHIPS/OFFICES

Antiquarian Society of the Art Institute[42]

Art Association of Chicago (advisory committee 1900-1901)[43]

Art Institute of Chicago Alumni Association (president 1927-1928)

Art Students League, Chicago (president 1896-1897[44])

Artists’ Guild, Chicago

Arts Club of Chicago (director, charter member)

Association of Chicago Painters & Sculptors (council 1923-1924,[45]president 1928[46]-1931)

Chicago Drama League (director)

Chicago Galleries Association

Chicago Society of Artists (vice president 1918-1919, president, 1919-1921,[47] trustee 1907-1908, 1913-1916)

Chicago Watercolor Club (charter member 1907)

Chicago Woman’s Club, Literature Department

Cordon Club, Chicago (charter member)[48]

Grand Central Art Galleries

Illinois Academy of Fine Art

Independent Society of Artists, Chicago

Lake View Art Club (president 1900)[49]

Little Room, Chicago[50]

MacDowell Society, Chicago (director)

Municipal Art League of Chicago

National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors, elected 1924[51]

National League of Mineral Painters

One Hundred and One Club[52]

ProvincetownArt Association

RockfordArt Association

Woman’s Art Salon of Chicago (board and charter member 1937)

HONORS

1893-1898 Honorable Mentions, School of the Art Institute of Chicago

1897 Art Students’ League Prize, Art Students’ League of Chicago annual[53]

1899 Klio Association Purchase Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[54]

1899 Niké Club Purchase Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity

c.1900 Winning pin and bookplate design, Lake View Woman’s Club

1902 First Place in Trial; Bronze Medal, Académie de la Grande Chaumière[55]

1902 West End Woman’s Club Purchase Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[56]

1903 Silver Medal (first prize), Académie Colarossi[57]

1904 Bronze Medal, Universal Exposition, St. Louis[58]

1907 Municipal Art League Purchase Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[59]

1907 MarshallField Prize, Exhibition of Chicago Artists, Marshall Field & Co. Gallery[60]

1907 Young Fortnightly Club Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[61]

1907 Arché Club Purchase Prize, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago & Vicinity[62]

1910 Guest of Honor, Decatur, IllinoisArt League[63]

1912 Purchase Award by Popular Vote, Muncie Indiana Art Association annual[64]

1914 William Ormond Thomspon Portraiture Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[65]

1914 Fine Arts BuildingPrize, Society of Western Artists[66]

1915 Fine Arts Building Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[67]

1915 Honorable Mention, Artists’ Guild, Chicago[68]

1916 Mrs. Julius Rosenwald Purchase Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[69]

1916 Municipal Art League Portrait Prize, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago & Vicinity

1916 Honorable Mention, Art Institute of Chicago,American Annual[70]

1918 Clyde M. Carr Landscape Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[71]

1920 ChicagoSociety of Artists Silver Medal, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[72]

1920 Edward B. Butler Chicago Public Schools Purchase Prize, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago & Vicinity[73]

1921 Silver medal, Peoria Society of Allied Arts[74]

1924 Fine Arts Building Purchase Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[75]

1925 Honorable Mention, National Association of Women Painters & Sculptors[76]

1926 Morris S. Rosenwald Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[77]

1926 (Mar.) Fifth Purchase Prize Chicago Galleries Association[78]

1926 (Nov.) Sixth Purchase Prize, Chicago Galleries Association

1927 (Dec.) Sixth Purchase Prize, Chicago Galleries Association[79]

1928 (May) Third Purchase Prize, Chicago Galleries Association[80]

1928 (Nov.) Purchase Prize, Chicago Galleries Association

1929 (May) Fourth and Sixth Purchase Prizes, Chicago Galleries Association

1930 (Dec.) Fifth Purchase Prize, Chicago Galleries Association

1931 (May) Fourth Purchase Prize, Chicago Galleries Association[81]

1933 Chairman of Painting, art gallery of A Century of Progress World’s Fair, Chicago[82]

1935 Bronze Medal, Findlay Galleries, Chicago Summer Salon[83]

1936 Gold Medal, Association of Chicago Painters and Sculptors annual[84]

1937 Mr. & Mrs. Jule F. Brower Prize, Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity[85]

1937 Mrs. Frank Logan Prize, Chicago Galleries Association[86]

JURIES SERVED

A Century of Progress World’s Fair, Chicago, selection of Fair Queen[87]

All American Exposition, Chicago, art committee 1919

All-Illinois Society of Fine Arts annual 1929

Art Institute of Chicago, American Watercolors 1902, 1904

Art Institute of Chicago, American Annual 1908, 1913, 1918, 1928

Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity 1916-1923, 1933

Arts Club exhibit by professional members 1924[88]

Art Students’ League 1913

Artists’ Guild of Chicago annual 1916, 1917

Association of ChicagoPainters and Sculptors 1936

Chicago Galleries Association 1926-1938[89]

Evanston Woman’s Club, Thumb-box Paintings By ChicagoArtists 1914

Hoosier Salon 1925

Iowa Federation of Women’s Clubs at Carson Pirie Scott & Co., Chicago, Iowa Artists

Jury of Awards, State of Minnesota 1908

Marshall Field & Co. Galleries, Chicago Artists, prize winners 1907

Midway Gardens, Chicago pageant costume design 1915[90]

Minnesota StateExhibition Duluth1908[91]

Palette & Chisel Club annual 1929

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts annual 1910, 1919, 1922, 1926, 1928, 1930, 1932

ProvincetownArt Association 1921-1924

Swedish-American Art Association annual, Chicago, 1929[92]

Swedish-American Artists annual, Chicago 1925,[93] 1928[94]

Union League Club of Chicago Washington Birthday Exhibit 1928; Artists Under Thirty competition 1928 and Competition for benefit of the Chicago public schools 1929[95]

Woman’s World's Fair, Chicago 1928

Y. M. C. A., Chicago, Chicago Girl, cover illustration 1928, 1930[96]

GROUP EXHIBITIONS

A Century of Progress Exposition, Horticulture Building, Flower Paintings 1933

A Century of Progress World’s Fair 1933

Albright-Knox Art Gallery, American Annual 1927

All-Illinois Society of Fine Arts annual 1926,[97] 1928, 1932

Art Institute of Chicago, American Annual 1896-1900, 1903-1905,[98] 1906, 1908, 1909, 1911-1923, 1925-1928, 1936

Art Institute of Chicago, American Watercolors 1898, 1899, 1900[99], 1901[100], 1902, 1904, 1905, 1908-1910, 1912, 1913, 1923

Art Institute of Chicago, Benefit for French Artists: Appui aux Artistes 1916

Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago Public School Art Society 1919

Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago Society of Artists: 33 Paintings 1914

Art Institute of Chicago, Continuous Exhibit of Chicago Art 1911

Art Institute of Chicago, Friends of our Native Landscape 1919

Art Institute of Chicago, Paintings By Contemporary Chicago Artists 1936

Art Institute of Chicago, Summer Exhibition of works of Artists of Chicago 1904

Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity 1898-1902,[101] 1903,[102] 1904, 1905, 1907[103]-1911[104], 1912-1930, 1931[105]-1933, 1935-1938

Art Students’ League of Chicago 1895-1897, 1904, 1910[106]

Artists’ Guild of Chicago annual 1911, 1913, 1915, 1916

Artists’ Guild of Chicago, Competitive Show 1917, 1918

Arts Club of Chicago annual 1919-1920,[107]1921-1924, 1926,[108] 1927, 1928,[109]1931-1933, 1937

Arts Club of Chicago, Portraits 1917

Association of Chicago Painters & Sculptors annual 1925, 1927-1931, 1932, 1935, 1936, 1938

Aurora Art League, Prominent American Artists1920, 1921, 1926

Better Community Conference, University of Illinois, Art Extension Committee Rotary Exhibit1921

Brooks Museum of Art, Memphis, Exhibition by ChicagoArtists 1918, 1920, 1923

Bryn Mawr Woman’s Club, Stoney Island Avenue Window Display 1923

Carson Pirie Scott & Co. Gallery, Works by ChicagoPortrait Painters 1918[110]

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery, Twelve ChicagoPainters 1920

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery, Chicago Women Artists 1920

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery, Gallery of Chicago Painters 1921

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery, Chicago Artists 1921

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery, Joliet Woman's Club 1927

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery, Five ChicagoArtists 1930[111]

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery, $100 paintings 1932

Carson Pirie Scott & Co. Gallery, Nine ChicagoPainters 1934[112]

Central Art Association 1898

Central States Exhibition, Aurora 1922

Chicago Galleries Association semi-annual 1926-1931 (1st-12th)[113], annual 1932, 1933, 1944,[114] 1946, 1952

Chicago Galleries Association, Tree Studio Group 1932 (11/1)

Chicago Galleries Association, Paintings by Artists of the Mid-West and West 1932 (5/10)

Chicago Galleries Association, Municipal Art League Prize Winners 1934 (4/14)

Chicago Galleries Association, opening of new galleries (Oct. 1936)

Chicago Society of Artists annual 1914-1917

Chicago Society of Artists at the Hamilton Club, Thumb-box Exhibition 1920

ChicagoSociety of Artists, Traveling Show1923[115]

ChicagoWater Color Club at Toledo Museum; Detroit Institute of Art 1908

Chicago Woman’s Aid Society, Loaned Portraits 1914

Cincinnati Art Museum, Exhibition of National League of Mineral Painters 1896

Cincinnati Art Museum, Exhibition of National League of Mineral Painters 1896

Civic Society of Brookline, Massachusetts1917

Corcoran Gallery of Art biennial 1916, 1926

Cosmopolitan Club Annual 1897

Des Plaines, Illinois Women’s Club 1917

Elgin, IllinoisArt Association 1917

Everson Museumof Art, Provincetown Painters 1890s –1970s, 1977

Expositione de Belle Arti, Naples 1911[116]

F. A. Bryden New Art Room Galleries, Chicago, Chicago Artists 1917

Findlay Galleries, Chicago, Significant Chicago Art 1934[117]

Garfield Park Gallery, Municipal Art League Collection 1936

Grand Central Art Galleries1923, 1924

Illinois Academyof Fine Arts 1926, 1928, 1929

Illinois Products Exposition 1924

Illinois State Fair, Loan from the Art Institute 1917

Illinois State Federation of Women’s Clubs 1920

Illinois Women’s Athletic Club, Women Painters of Chicago and Illinois 1927, 1928

Independent Society of Artists, Chicago 1917, 1918

Indianapolis Museum of Art, Contemporary American Artists 1929

Iowa State Fair; Chicago Galleries Association 1939[118]

Marshall Field & Co. Gallery, American Art annual 1912, 1913

Minneapolis Institute of Arts 1920

National Academy of Design annual 1924, 1926, 1932[119]

National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors 1920s

National Association of Women Artists, One Hundred Years: A Centennial Celebrating the 100th Anniversary 1989

Nebraska Art Association annual 1908, 1922

O’Brien Art Galleries, Chicago 1917

Oak Park Art League 1927, 1930

Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco 1915

Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo 1901

Paris American Woman’s Art Association 1903

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts annual 1899, 1908, 1912, 1916-1919, 1922, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1930, 1932

PeoriaSociety of Allied Arts, Paintings by Illinois Artists1918

Philadelphia Society of Artists annual 1899

Provincetown Art Association annual 1923-1926, 1928-1932, 1935-1937

Richmond, Indiana Art Association Annual 1907, 1908

Rockford Art Club, American Painters 1921

Salon Société des Artistes Français 1903 (Rogiero #1363), 1905 (Le globe d’argent #1443), 1906 (La robe de marièe de la grand’mère #1273), 1911[120]

Sioux City Woman’s Club, Chicago Artists 1913

Society for Sanity in Art, Chicago 1937, 1938

Society of Western Artists annual 1896, 1897, 1906, 1912-1914

Springville, Utah Museum of Art 1950

St. Louis Art Museum, American Annual 1902, 1917

St. Louis Art Museum, Currents of Expansion: Painting in the Midwest 1820-1940, 1977

Williams Barker & Co., Ten Woman Artists of Chicago, Auction Sale 1901,[121] 1902,[122] 1903

Thurber Art Galleries, Chicago, Sale of American Paintings 1917

Trans-Mississippi & International Exposition, Omaha 1898

Williams Barker & Co. Auction Sale1901[123]

Woman’s Club of Evanston, Loan Exhibit 1914

Woman’s World’s Fair 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928

ONE, TWO OR THREE MAN EXHIBITIONS

1913 Art Institute of Chicago[124]

1914 Toledo Museum of Art

1914 Springfield, Illinois Art Club;[125] Withers Library, Bloomington, Illinois[126]

1917 Milwaukee Art Museum[127]

1921 Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery[128]

1923 Art Institute of Chicago[129]

1927 Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery[130]

1928 Chicago Galleries Association[131]

1930 Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery[132]

1933 (April) Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery

1935 Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Gallery[133]

1939 Chicago Galleries Association[134]

1939 Art Institute of Chicago[135]

1939 Union League Club of Chicago

1939 Woman’s Club of Evanston

1950 Chicago Galleries Association[136]

1951 Chicago Galleries Association[137]

1984 Lakeview Museum of Arts & Sciences, Peoria

PERMANENT COLLECTIONS

Rockford Art Museum[138]

INTERESTING NOTES

The Gairing Art galleries of Evanston were custodians of all of her unsold paintings.

“Pauline, whose effervescent personality pervades and enlivens all wherever she appears, expresses herself in spontaneous canvases, be it figure or landscape.”[139]

Critic Bulliet claimed Flora Schofield’s abstract art was the final blow in the severing of relationships between the radical and conservative elements within the Chicago Society of Artists which caused the conservative painters to form the Association of Chicago Painters and Sculptors in 1923. The dispute involved the acceptance of Schofield’s three works into the 1923 Art Institute, Chicago & Vicinity show and pitted well liked Pauline Palmer against known radical Carl Hoeckner; a dispute which spilled over into the Society meeting whereupon Palmer led the split of the organization.[140]

It is interesting that though conservative, Palmer was lamenting the lack of futuristic works for the 1922 Chicago and Vicinity show a the Art Institute of Chicago: “The conservative note in the paintings submitted to the artists’ jury sitting in the Art Institute to select the canvases for the exhibition… is very definite and a little surprising.”[141] She later was quoted commenting on the annual exhibition of American artists at the Art Institute as saying: “I belong to a conservative group, but I have no objections to the modernistic movement; although it has been abused. I think there are some very good things in this show. You know, people sometimes criticize things because they are not done to their way of thinking.”[142]

Her picture of a young girl in a white dress entitled Bubbles, embodied much of what the artist’s work was concerned with.[143] In 1929 her work was featured in a radio appreciation on WGN by Chicago Tribune critic Eleanor Jewett, for the children’s special concert hour.[144]

[1]A good review of her career may be found in C. J. Bulliet, “Artists of Chicago Past and Present,” Chicago Daily News, 2/8/1936, Art, Antiques and The Artists section, p.4.

[2]The family was from Harvard, Illinois in McHenry County. They family is listed in the 1880 Federal Census in Harvard (ED 133, Sheet - Stamped page 66-B, Line 1+). Nicholas Lennards, her father, was a tailor in Harvard, and shown in the McHenry County history of 1885 history, p.449.

[3]She was with her sister Marie Lennards in Norway on an artists’ tour with Illinois artist Dudley Crafts Watson. She caught pneumonia and died ten days later. Marie was executrix of her estate. She left a bequest to the Art Institute for the Chicago and Vicinity shows to offer annual prizes in her name. “‘Gingham Girl,’ by Pauline Palmer, Chicago Journal of Commerce, 8/27/1938. “Pauline Palmer, Noted Artist of Chicago, Dies in Norway,” Chicago Daily News, 8/16/1938. “Pauline Palmer Dies In NorwayOf Pneumonia,” ChicagoHerald & Examiner, 8/16/1938. A recent photo of the artist appears with the article.

[4]“Pauline Palmer,” Arts For America, Vol. 8, No. 4, January 1899, p.217.

[5]Louise Riedel, “Student Life At Delavan,” Brush and Pencil, Vol. 2, No.3, June 1898, p.115.

[6]Lena M. McCauley, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 3/1/1902, p.4.

[7]She’s listed in Miss Laura McProud (Louella B. Mendenhall), “Illinois. Women. Painting.,” Souvenir of the Louisiana Purchase: American Students’ Census Paris, 1903, (Privately published, Laura McProud, 1904), p.29. James W. Pattison, “Pattison’s Art Talk,” Chicago Journal, 11/7/1903, p.4, discusses Cottet’s influence and her year in Parisstudying. In Currents of Expansion: Painting in the Midwest 1820-1940, (St. Louis: St. Louis Art Museum, 1977), p.129, she is listed as studying with Richard Miller who was head instructor at Colarossi in Paris from 1905-1914 and it is possible, although unconfirmed, that she studied with him there as well as privately. See also: Mary Louise Kane, A Bright Oasis, The Paintings of Richard E. Miller, (New York: Jordan-Volpe Gallery, 1997), footnote 86.

[8]“Art and Artists,” ChicagoEvening Post, 6/8/1916, p.10.

[9]Lakeview had been annexed by Chicagoin 1889. “Tribune Art Supplement,” Chicago Tribune, 9/15/1901, p.12.

[10]“Notes of Interest,” in “News of the Art World,” supplement, Chicago Evening Post, 5/20/1919, p.11.

[11]“South Bend Art Festival,” in “News of the Art World,” supplement, Chicago Evening Post, 10/17/1922, p.11.

[12]“Terre Haute Exhibit,” “News of the Art World,” supplement, Chicago Evening Post, 3/13/1923.

[13]Marguerite B. Williams, “In The Field Of Art,” Chicago Daily News, 4/21/1926, in the AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 51, p.101.

[14]April 1, 1926.

[15]“Oak Park School Unveils Portrait,” The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 5/27/1930, p.9. The portrait was of S. H. Hatch, superintendent, illustrated in the 6/3/1930 issue, p.3.

[16]“Art And Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 5/17/1902, p.4. “Commissions Keep Pauline Palmer Busy,” The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 7/27/1926, p.5. “Pauline Palmer Does Portrait of Surgeon,” The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 7/10/1928, p.4.

[17]“The Art Institute of Chicago: Saturday Normal Art Class, 1896-7,” in AIC Scrapbooks, Vol. 6, p.139.

[18]“ ‘Pals’ Presented to High School,” The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 5/5/1925, p.4. Her pupil Ingeborg Christensen won the Municipal Art League Purchase Prize for a painting which looks very similar to those Palmer was painting at the time, a small girl with her doll.

[19]Harriet Monroe, “Mrs. Pauline Palmer: Her Work and Success,” Chicago American, Literary and Art Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 200, 1/19/1901, p.1.

[20]Chicago Times-Herald, 6/17/1900 in AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 12, p.136. “Art And Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 5/26/1900, p.8. She sailed with Chicagoartists John and Anna Lee Stacey.

[21]She returned in December after six months study. “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 12/22/1900, p.8.

[22]Lena M. McCauley, “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 7/26/1902, p.8. Also see: “By William Vernon,” AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 15, col. 4, p.92.

[23]“Mrs. Pauline Palmer,” Daily Inter Ocean, 7/25/1903, p.7. Lena McCauley, “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 8/15/1903. It was reported she was returning in the winter.

[24]Lena M. McCauley, “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 10/31/1903, p.10. “Mrs. Palmer is enlarging her studio and expects to settle down for a winter of exacting work and put into shape the sketches which were made abroad.” She had a studio in the Lessing Building, see: Op. cit., Monroe, Chicago American, 1/19/1901, p.1. By 1904 she had remodeled an attic space and called it her “Quartier Latin,” illustrated in “A Corner Of The Quartier Latin,” Chicago Chronicle, 4/17/1904, Part 2, p.5, and Edward G. Holden, “In The Field Of Art: Art Notes,” Chicago Tribune, 2/28/1904, p.19. Her studio was later illustrated in “Chicago Women Artists and Their Studios,” Chicago Tribune, 4/4/1909, part 7, p.6.

[25]Lena M. McCauley, “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 6/11/1904, p.9. Her return was announced in Lena M. McCauley, “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 10/8/1904, p.11.

[26]She returned from abroad in October then was in Brittany during the winter of 1905-1906. “Art and Artists,” ChicagoEvening Post, 10/7/1905, p.6. Her canvases shipped back to Chicagofor the annual exhibition of Chicagoartists never made it through customs in time. Lena M. McCauley, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 2/3/1906, p.4. She planned to return to Chicagoagain in the fall 1906. Lena M. McCauley, “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 4/14/1906, p.9.

[27]“Art And Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 11/3/1906, p.7.

[28]Lena M. McCauley, “Art,” ChicagoEvening Post, 4/6/1907, p.6. The resort there was popular for rest as she was recovering from a recent serious illness.

[29]Letter to Pauline Palmer from William M. R. French, French Letters, Ryerson Library, Art Institute of Chicago, 9/10/1910. Her address was Pension Rose, Giverny. See also: Harriet Monroe, “Do We Really Underestimate the American Artists?” ChicagoTribune, 5/28/1911, Part 2, p.5. Palmer told Monroeshe “was learning lessons of inestimable value, and getting rid of faults which had hardened her work for years.”

[30]No source, in AIC Scrapbooks, 11/12/1910, vol. 27, col. 3, p.48.

[31]“Art and Artists,” ChicagoEvening Post, 5/20/1911, p.6. She was traveling with then Chicago artist, Jessie Benton Evans. See also, Lena M. McCauley, “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 11/25/1911, p.6. She spent the summer in Verona. Harriet Monroe, “Introducing George Bellows to the Chicago Art Lovers,” Chicago Tribune, 10/22/1911, p.B6.

[32]Accession record #1926:192, San Diego Museum of Art. See also: Chicago Record-Herald, 6/9/1912 in AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 29. She traveled there to paint the portrait of the daughters of Mrs. Schumann-Heinke.

[33]“Art and Artists,” ChicagoEvening Post, 7/5/1913, p.10.

[34]Lena McCauley, “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 7/31/1915, p.8. She had injured her hand in the spring and was recuperating.

[35]“Art and Artists,” ChicagoEvening Post, 7/29/1915, p.8.

[36]In 1922, she purchased a home which had remodeling possibilities for a studio as well, see: “Here and There,” “News of the Art World,” supplement, Chicago Evening Post, 7/25/1922. Eleanor Jewett, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 9/10/1922, p.E10.

[37]“Our Artist Friends,” in “News Of The Art World,” supplement, Chicago Evening Post, 9/2/1919, p.11.

[38]“Just by the Way,” in “News Of The Art World,” supplement, Chicago Evening Post, 6/15/1920, p.12. She lectured there and was “feted on art day.”

[39]“Of Timely Interest,” “News of the Art World,” supplement, Chicago Evening Post, 12/20/1921.

[40]Eleanor Jewett, “Art And Architecture,” Chicago Tribune, 9/11/1921, p.F8.

[41]This summer tour was announced in “Pauline Palmer Goes on Tour Thru West,” The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 7/5/1927, p.4. Upon her return, she recounted the trip in “Pauline Palmer Back from Trip to Coast,” in the 12/6 issue, p.12.

[42]Op. cit., Monroe, Chicago American, 1/19/1901, p.1.

[43]“Art And Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 5/12/1900, p.8.

[44]“In The Art Studios,” Chicago Tribune, 11/22/1896, p.34.

[45]Eleanor Jewett, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 4/15/1923, part 7, p.14. She was on the board at the groups founding.

[46]American Art Annual, Vol. XXV, 1928, p.96. Eleanor Jewett, “Notes of Art and Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 5/6/1928, p.H11, and Eleanor Jewett, “Arts Club Show Opens,” Chicago Tribune, 4/20/1930, p.G5.

[47]“Woman Heads Chicago Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 4/8/1919, p.9, features to photographs of the artist. “Mrs. Pauline Palmer President of Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 4/8/1920, p.11.

[48]Kate Webber, “Women’s Club Page,” Chicago Tribune, 5/11/1924, p.G4.

[49]Catalogue of the Thirteenth Annual Exhibition of Oil Paintings and Sculpture by American Artists, (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 10/30/1900), p.37.

[50]“List Of Members Little Room 1922,” Midwest, MS, Little Room, Box 2, 1922.

[51]Eleanor Jewett, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 6/29/1924, p.H8.

[52]The membership was comprised of newspaper men and other writers.

[53]“Art and Artists,” Sunday Inter Ocean, 12/19/1897, p.46. Isabel McDougall, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 12/18/1897, p.10. The prize was awarded her Portrait Sketch.

[54]They purchased her From the Cosnervatory, illustrated in “The Exhibition Of Chicago Artists,” Brush and Pencil, Vol. 4, No. 1, April 1899, p.50.

[55]Maude I. G. Oliver, “Of Art and Artists,” Chicago Record-Herald, 3/23/1913,Section 5, p.9.

[56]Chicago Chronicle, 2/24/1902 in AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 15, p.100. They purchased her painting Mother Love. It was painted in the room of her mother’s childhood home in Düsseldorf.

[57]In Guillaumina Agnew’s letter to the Sketch Book she mentions how “Mrs. Palmer had but just won the bronze medal in the portrait contest and first place at the trial..” in an article about the 1903 Paris Salon, see The Sketch Book, July 1903, p.40-41. The year is shown as 1903 in Catalogue of the Sixteenth Annual Exhibition of Oil Paintings and Sculpture by American Artists, (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 10/20/1903), p.47.

[58]“Chicago Artists Awarded Prizes At St. Louis Fair,” Chicago Tribune, 11/2/1904, p.4.

[59]The prize was awarded her Day of the Market, Brittany. The normal $500 prize was split between four artists. Maude I. G. Oliver, “Chicago Artist’s Annual Exhibit,” Sunday Inter Ocean, 2/24/1907, Men’s Magazine section, p.6. The work was later illustrated in Eleanor Jewett, “Art,” ChicagoTribune, 12/22/1918, p.D2.

[60]Harriet Monroe, ChicagoExaminer, 6/1/1907in AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 23. See also: Lena M. McCauley, “Art,” Chicago Evening Post, 6/8/1907, p.16. The painting was identified as Golden Autumn, and was awarded her by a jury of Lawton S. Parker and Walter McEwen.

[61]The prize was awarded her The Old Mill, Pon Aven, Brittany. A. G. Randolph, “Exhibition Of The Artists Of Chicago,” Brush and Pencil, Vol. 19, No. 2, February 1907, p.46. Her Watching for the Fairies, was illustrated in the same article, p.47. Lena M. McCauley, “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 2/2/1907, p.7.

[62]They purchased her Reflection. “Arche Club Buys Pictures,” Chicago Tribune, 2/2/1907, p.3.

[63]“Art and Artists,” ChicagoEvening Post, 2/12/1910, p.6.

[64]Lena M. McCauley, “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 2/22/1912, p.6.

[65]She won for her painting An English Rose.

[66]The prize this year was split between five artists including Herman Wessel of Cincinnati, Oliver Dennett Grover of Chicago, Carl Waldeck of St. Louisand Gustav von Schlegell of St. Louis.

[67]Evelyn Marie Stuart, “Annual Exhibition of Local Artists,” Fine Arts Journal, Vol. 32, April 1915, p.173-174. This prize was awarded for a group of four paintings.

[68]This was given for her painting, Sketching Out of Doors, Lena M. McCauley, “Art & Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 10/14/1915, p.8.

[69]This was awarded her painting, The Sketch Class. Anne Ellis, “Art,” Chicago Tribune, 2/19/1916, p.14. The painting was illustrated in Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago, Vol. 10, No. 3, March 1916, p.160.

[70]This was awarded her painting, Pumpkin Hollow. For a brief review of the piece see: Maude I. G. Oliver, “Chicago In Art,” International Studio, Vol. 60, December 1916, p.48.

[71]The prize was awarded her After the Blizzard, illustrated in Lena M. McCauley, “Chicago Art Shows True American Spirit,” in “News of the Art World,” supplement, Chicago Evening Post, 2/19/1918, p.11. See also: “Subtle Snow Piece,” Chicago Examiner, 3/9/1918 in the AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 37.

[72]“Woman Artist Is Awarded Highest Chicago Honors,” Chicago Tribune, 2/11/1920, p.12.

[73]The prize was awarded her The Sunny South. Eleanor Jewett, “Art: Pleasing Pictures in Exhibition of Chicago Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 2/1/1920, p.F6.

[74]The award was given her painting The Blizzard.

[75]This was awarded her painting, Just Us.Eleanor Jewett, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 2/3/1924, p.G9.

[76]“Has Honorable Mention,” The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 3/31/1925, p.5. The prize was awarded her Her Majesty, a still life. Eleanor Jewett, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 3/29/1925, p.E8.

[77]The prize was awarded her painting Morning Sun, illustrated in Eleanor Jewett, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 3/14/1926, p.E5.

[78]Letter to Members of the Chicago Galleries Association from Henry L. Engle, 3/30/1926. Eleanor Jewett, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 4/4/1926, p.E5. Her The Little White Girl was chosen as the prize.

[79]The prize was awarded her When the Leaves Begin to Turn, Eleanor Jewett, “Art And Artists: Prizes Awarded at Galleries,” Chicago Tribune, 1/15/1928, p.G2.

[80]The prize was awarded her A Provincetown Street (A Sunny Afternoon), illustrated in The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 7/10/1928, p.3.

[81]Eleanor Jewett, “Wright Talks in Book Form: Annual Exhibit on View,” Chicago Tribune, 7/5/1931, p.B6.

[82]New York Public Library artist file P46/C6-P47/D4.

[83]C. J. Bulliet, “Around the Galleries: Findlay Medals Awarded ” Chicago Daily News, 7/20/1935, Art, Antiques and The Artists section, p.9. The prize was awarded her The New Tie.

[84]The prize was awarded her The Precious Jewel, a portrait of a “Negro” woman. C. J. Bulliet, “Around the Galleries: Mrs. Palmer Voted Medal,” Chicago Daily News, Art, Antiques and The Artists section, p.4R. Eleanor Jewett, “Mrs. Pauline Palmer Wins Artist Medal,” Chicago Tribune, 2/18/1936, p.17. The painting was illustrated in the Chicago Tribune, 3/1/1936, part 8, p.6.

[85]The prize was awarded her Provincetown, and was given to an artist who had reached the age of forty. It was mentioned in “Artists of Chicago in 41st Annual Stress ‘Emotional Content’,” Art Digest, Vol. 11, No. 10, 2/15/1937, p.5. In “Chicago: An Annual Local Art Show,” Art News, Vol. 35, 2/27/1937, p.18, the critic said of the work, “… a vigorously Impressionist work is in line with many of the favorite subjects of the artist who has a summer studio on the Cape. Its tradition is that of Twachtman and Childe Hassam.”

[86]Paul T. Gilbert, “Paintings In Chicago Galleries Show Have Sanity As Well As Ruggedness,” ChicagoHerald and Examiner, 12/19/1937. Eleanor Jewett, “Two Splendid Art Exhibits Now on View,” Chicago Tribune, 12/19/1937, part 8, p.4.

[87]New York Public Library artist file P46/C6-P47/D4.

[88]Her painting The Musician, was featured in a review of the exhibition in The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 12/9/1924, p.2. It was called one of her finest portraits ever.

[89]The Association continued to offer her works after her death.

[90]Anne Ellis, “Art,” Chicago Tribune, 5/29/1915, p.13.

[91]Mae J. Evans, “What Chicago Artists Have Accomplished This Summer,” Sunday Inter Ocean, 9/13/1908, Magazine Section, p.2. Lena M. McCauley, “Art and Artists,” Chicago Evening Post, 7/3/1908, p.4.

[92]First Annual Exhibition Of Works By Swedish-American Artists, (Chicago: Swedish American Art Association, 3/10/1929).

[93]Swedish-American Art Exhibition, (Chicago: The Swedish Club, 4/4/1925).

[94]15th Exhibition By Swedish-American Artists, (Chicago: The Swedish Club, 3/24/1928).

[95]Eleanor Jewett, “Show Modernistic Foreign Work,” Chicago Tribune, 12/1/1929, p.H4.

[96]The magazine was published by the Y. M. C. A. “Seek Cover Design for Y. M. C. A. Paper,” The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 8/7/1928, p.11; “Chicago Girl Chosen,” Chicago Tribune, 10/7/1928, in AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 55; “Cover Contest On Chicago Girl,” The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 1/14/1930, p.16.

[97]Her In the Doorway, was illustrated in The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 10/19/1926, p.5.

[98]Harriet Monroe, “Writes of the Best Pictures at the Chicago Artists Exhibition, Chicago Examiner, 2/25/1905: “An Mrs. Pauline Palmer likes to study women, presents them in semi-darkness, the curves of their figures drifting into shadows. These pictures of women by women all have a feminine grace, a soft lightness of touch, and all present intimate studies of gracious womanliness.”

[99]James William Pattison commented her work in pastel held a place of honor in the show in “Art Exhibit Goes On,” Sunday Inter Ocean, 4/29/1900, p.18.

[100]“Water Colors Attract,” Chicago Record-Herald, 4/26/1901 in AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 14, p.36. Several newspaper accounts said the jury was extremely difficult to pass. Her full length portrait of Dr. Palmer was the only such work exhibited and held a place of honor in one of the exhibition galleries. See also, James W. Pattison, “Pattison’s Art Talk,” Chicago Journal, 5/8/1901, p.4.

[101]Her A Street in Germany, was illustrated in Arthur Anderson Merritt, “Work of Chicago Artists,” Brush and Pencil, Vol. 9, No. 6, March 1902, p.342.

[102]Her painting Sad Thoughts, was illustrated in Edward G. Holden, “In The Field Of Art,” Chicago Tribune, 2/7/1904, p.35. All but one of her accepted works, it was noted, were painted in Paris.

[103]Her Watching for Fairies was illustrated in Maude I. G. Oliver, “Chicago Artist’s Annual Exhibit,” Sunday Inter Ocean, 2/24/1907, Men’s Magazine section, p.6.

[104]Her Meditation, was illustrated in the catalogue and James William Pattison, “Exhibition Of Works By Chicago Artists - Paintings And Sculpture,” Fine Arts Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3, March 1911, p.145.

[105]Here Sisters was illustrated in Eleanor Jewett, “Exhibition in Retrospect: Observer Looks Back Over the Sculpture and Paintings of the Chicago Artists’ Show,” Chicago Tribune, 3/1/1931, p.G4.

[106]Chicago Record-Herald, 3/20/1910 in AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 26. She was invited to show as an early member of the league along with a few other senior artists.

[107]Her In The Open was discussed in Eleanor Jewett, “Art,” ChicagoTribune, 2/8/1920, p.F6.

[108]Her still life painting Her Majesty, was illustrated in The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 4/20/1926, p.14.

[109]Her portrait Sally, was illustrated in Eleanor Jewett, “Student Describes Paris Studios,” Chicago Tribune, 9/9/1928, p.H4.

[110]“Exhibition by ChicagoPortrait Painters, Fine Arts Journal, Vol. 36, November 1918, pp. 34-39. This show was very important as only Chicago’s “best” portrait artists, thirteen in all, were invited.

[111]Her portrait Sally, was illustrated in The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 10/14/1930, p.4. Eleanor Jewett, “Five Chicago Artists Display Work at the Carson, Pirie Galleries,” Chicago Tribune, 10/15/1930, p.34.

[112]Her painting Helping Mother, was illustrated in Eleanor Jewett, “Carson Pirie Scott Galleries Add Chicago Painters to Current Exhibit,” Chicago Tribune, 7/15/1934, part 7, p.7.

[113]Her The Little White Girl, was illustrated in The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 4/6/1926, p.7.

[114]The Association continued to show and sell her works after the artist’s death.

[115]Eleanor Jewett, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 2/25/1923, p.D13.

[116]Op. cit., Chicago Evening Post, 5/20/1911, p.6.

[117]Her Old Stove, was illustrated in the Chicago Daily News, 6/2/1934, Art Section, p.21.

[118]The Association chose works from their members to send to the fair and then exhibited the works upon return in the gallery. C. J. Bulliet, “Around the Galleries: Back From The Fair – Iowa Fair,” Chicago Daily News, 9/16/1939, Art, Antiques & the Artists Section, p.6.

[119]Eleanor Jewett, “Pauline Palmer's Paintings Win High Place in New York Exhibit,” Chicago Tribune, 12/11/1932, part 9, p.4.

[120]“Art and Artists,” ChicagoEvening Post, 5/27/1911, p.6.

[121]William Vernon, “Chicago’s Women Artists,” Chicago American, Literary and Art Section, 4/6/1901, p.6. “Art Sale By Local Painters,” Chicago Tribune, 4/7/1901, p.7.

[122]“Chicago Women Artists To Hold Picture Auction,” Chicago Tribune, 6/22/1902, p.49. Her The Lessing, was illustrated in the article.

[123]AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 14, p.22. Only the best known, ten women artists were invited to this exhibition and subsequent sale. See also: Chicago Record-Herald, 4/7/1901 in AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 14, p.24.

[124]Harriet Monroe, “A Live Exhibit at the Art Institute,” Chicago Tribune, 3/30/1913, p.B5.

[125]Chicago Herald, 11/22/1914 in AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 32 The club was recently opened in the Edwards mansion which was donated for their use.

[126]“Serve Teat At Art Exhibit,” Bloomington Pantagraph, 12/19/1914 in AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 32. The exhibit came from Springfield.

[127]Lena M. McCauley, “Artists and Studios,” in “News of the Art World,” Chicago Evening Post, 4/24/1917, p.9. She exhibited paintings of Italy.

[128]“Art And Architecture: Exhibitions at the galleries,” Chicago Tribune, 4/3/1921, p.G4.

[129]Eleanor Jewett, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 9/9/1923, p.E12.

[130]The show was reviewed with an illustration by Lena M. McCauley, “Versatile Exhibition by Pauline Palmer,” The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 3/15/1927, p.2. Her Against the Light, was illustrated in the 3/22 issue, p.6. Her When the Leaves Begin to Fall, was illustrated in the 3/29 issue, p. 4. Her Portrait of a Child was illustrated with criticism in Eleanor, “Art And Artists,” Chicago Tribune, 3/20/1927, p.E4. Silhouetted Against the Light was illustrated in the Chicago Herald-Examiner, 3/27/1927, in the AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 53, pp.42 and 63. Her Chiquita, in “Here and There in the Art World,” Chicago Daily News, March 1927, in the AIC Scrapbooks, vol. 53, p.43.

[131]R. A. Lennon, “Local and Western Artists Show Work,” The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 4/3/1928, p.2. Her painting We, was illustrated with the article. Her Rosita, was illustrated in the 4/17/1928 issue, p.12. Eleanor Jewett, “Number of Interesting Exhibits Mark the Week: Paintings by Pauline Palmer,” Chicago Tribune, 4/1/1928, p.H6. Her portrait Miss Virginia Cardwell, was illustrated in Eleanor Jewett, “School Art Society Wins Praise,” Chicago Tribune, 4/15/1928, p.G8.

[132]Her The Concertina Player, appeared in The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 3/11/1930, p.10. The show was extensively reviewed: Tom Vickerman, “Pauline Palmer’s Paintings on View,” The Chicago Evening Post Magazine of the Art World, 3/18/1930, p.2. See also “Notes of Artists,” Chicago Herald Examiner, 3/22/1930, p.12. Eleanor Jewett, “Pauline Palmer's Paintings Shown at Carson Pirie Scott,” Chicago Tribune, 3/17/1930, p.37, see also, “Art Critic Meditates on Windmills and Manners,” 3/23/1930, p.I5. Her painting the First Trip was illustrated as well.

[133]Her painting The Yellow Buoy, was featured in a review in Art Digest, Vol. 9, 5/1/1935, p.28. Quoting Chicago critic C. J. Bulliet, her paintings, “…embody Mrs. Palmer’s idea of what a conservative painter should do when she feels the impulses to go modern.” Critic Evelyn Marie Stuart was quoted as saying, “Her color is fresh and sparkling and her manner of statement spontaneous and vivid… She paints like one who loves painting and living, with enthusiasm and buoyancy yet with a sure technique only possible to those to whom the use of the brush has through long practice become second nature… An art so awake and alive surely will live.” Her Cigarette Girl, was illustrated in the Chicago Daily News, 4/13/1935, Art, Antiques and The Artists section, p.9, to accompany the article by C. J. Bulliet, “Around the Galleries: Painting ‘Off the Record’.” See also, Eleanor Jewett, “Urges a Visit to 2 Splendid Art Exhibitions,” Chicago Tribune, 4/9/1935, p.15, and “Two One Man Shows Achieve High Distinction,” 4/14/1935, part 8, p.4.

[134]C. J. Bulliet, “Around the Galleries: Pauline Palmer Memorial,” Chicago Daily News, 3/11/1939, Art and Music Section, p.15.

[135]C. J. Bulliet, “Around the Galleries: Pauline Palmer, Krafft, Schwartz,” Chicago Daily News, 8/19/1939, Art and Music Section, p.25.

[136]Chicago Sunday Tribune, 6/18/1950, Part 7, p.4. A strong review and good history of her life was provided by C. J. Bulliet, “Art in Chicago – Palmer Memorial,” Art Digest, Vol. 24, 7/1/1950, p.23.

[137]Eleanor Jewett, “Ingerle-Palmer Show to Open Exhibit Season,” Chicago Tribune, 9/2/1951, part 7, p.8.

[138]her The Morning Sun was illustrated in Chicago Modern 1893-1945, (Chicago: Terra Museumand University of Chicago Press, 2004), p.140.

[139]Ralph Elmer Clarkson, “ChicagoPainters, Past and Present,” Art & Archeology, Vol. 12, Sep.-Oct. 1921, p. 139.

[140]Clarence J. Bulliet, “Artists of Chicago Past and Present,” “No. 89 - Flora Schofield,” Chicago Daily News, 6/3/1939, Art and Antiques Section, p.1. As early as 1913, when the “Armory Show” was at the Art Institute of Chicago, Palmer was an opponent of modernism, although never recorded as vocal as when she delivered one of three speeches at the farcical Cubists Play in 1913, see: “Artists Give Cubist Play,” Chicago Tribune, 3/27/1913, p.15.

[141]Our Princess Pat, “Futuristic Art Tabooed by Chicagoans,” Chicago American, 1/17/1922.

[142]Jack Diamond, “Is Modernism Art of Just Paint? The War’s on Again,” Chicago Daily News, 12/7/1932, in AIC Scrapbooks, vol.60, p.69.

[143]The painting is illustrated in James Spencer Dickerson, “The Art Movement In Chicago,” World To-Day, Vol. 14, April 1908, p.375.

[144]“The Gingham Girl,” Chicago Tribune, 1/20/1929, p.D10. The work was illustrated.

Georgia Leigh Caldwell timeline